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작업과정의 일부로서 APT는 어떤 패키지를 가지고 올 'sources'가 필요하다. 이 파일은 /etc/apt/sources.list이다.
이 파일들의 항목들은 다음과 같은 형태를 취하고 있다:
deb http://host/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
deb-src http://host/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
위의 항목들은 가상의 것이고 사용하지 말아야한다. 각 라인의 첫번째 단어는 deb나 deb-src는 아카이브의 형태를 의미하는데: 바이너르ㅣ 패키지를 포함하는 경우는 deb이며 우리가 일반적으로 사용하는 미리 컴파일된 패키지들이고 deb-src를 의미하는 소프 패키지는 원본 소스에 데비안 제어파일(.dsc)과 프로그램을 데비안화 하여 만드는데 필요한 데비안 changes 파일인 diff.gz를 의미한다.
The word that goes where we read distribution in the above example defines what is the Debian suite we're targeting. They can be generic names, like "stable", "testing", or specific names like "sarge" and "etch". Let's say the current testing is called "etch" and you want to keep tracking "etch" even when it becomes stable; in this case you should use "etch" for distribution. In case you want to keep tracking testing you should use "testing" instead.
So, if you want to always have the latest stable distribution, and upgrade as soon as a new release is made, you should be using "stable" as distribution. This may not be a good idea, for you may want to plan the upgrade for stable releases, which sometimes involves more than simply answering a few new questions, besides doing some testing and backuping before proceeding, so I recommend you always use the codenames.
대개는 다음의 내용이 sources.list에 기본으로 들어있다:
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main
deb http://security.debian.org stable/updates main
#deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable
#deb-src http://security.debian.org stable/updates main
기본 데비안 설치에 필요한 내용들이다. 첫번째 deb는 공식적인 아카이브를 가리키고 두번째는 non-US 아카이브이고 세번째는 데비안 보안 업데이트를 가리킨다.
마지막 두개의 라인은 #으로 주석처리 되어 있는데 apt-get은 이를 무시한다. 이는 deb-src인데 데비안 소스 패키지를 포함한다. 테스팅이나 재컴파일을 위해서 프로그램 소스를 다운로드 하려면 주석을 없애주면 된다.
/etc/apt/sources.list 파일은 몇개 형태의 라인을 포함할 수 있다. APT는 http, ftp, file(로컬 파일로 마운트된 ISO9660 파일시스템을 포함한 디렉토리)와 ssh의 아카이브를 인식하고 다룬다.
Remember: everytime you want to add a source for APT to grab packages from this is the file you're going to edit.
/etc/apt/sources.list 파일을 변경한 후에 apt-get update를 반드시 실행하라. 이러면 여러분들이 정한 Sources가 적용이 되어서 APT가 사용하게 될 것이다.
As of APT version 0.6, packages are authenticated to ensure that they originate from the source that they claim to originate from. This is an optional security feature. If the system can't authenticate the package upon installation, it'll ask you whether or not you want to abort the installation.
Since this authentication is based on cryptographic methods, APT maintains it's own keyring. Each of the entries in your sources.list file will have a corresponding key. However, if you're using unofficial APT sources, it's possible that a source you're using won't be authenticated. If this is the case, you should encourage the maintainer of that source to implement authentication on their site.
To take advantage of this security feature, you need to add a key to APT's
keyring for each authenticated source. This can be done with GPG, but APT
provides a tool, apt-key, which is a simplified wrapper to GPG.
apt-key is easy to use. The tricky part of this process is
getting a key for each of your sources, and making sure that you can trust that
key.
Debian's archive key will be installed in
/usr/share/apt/debian-archive.gpg, so you can simply use that file
to add the official archives' key to your APT keyring by doing this:
# apt-key add /usr/share/apt/debian-archive.gpg
For external, unofficial sources you'll need to find out where did they provide their public key so that you can import it into your APT keyring.
If you choose to disable the cryptographic checking of Release files for some reason you can add the following to APT's configuration (see The APT configuration file, 3.4):
APT::Get::AllowUnauthenticated "true";
여러분의 CD-ROM을 패키지를 설치하는데 사용하거나 자동적으로 APT를 이용해서
업데이트하려면 다음의 내용을 sources.list을 추가할 수 있다.
이렇게 하기 위해서는 apt-cdrom를 다음과 같이 이용하면 된다:
apt-cdrom add
드라이브에 데비안 CD-ROM을 넣고 실행한다. 이는 CD-ROM을 마운트하고 제대로 된 CD-ROM이면 디스크내에 있는 패키지 정보를 찾는다. CD-ROM 설정이 다소 비정상적이면 여러분은 다음의 옵션을 사용할 수 있다:
-h - program help
-d directory - CD-ROM mount point
-r - Rename a recognized CD-ROM
-m - No mounting
-f - Fast mode, don't check package files
-a - Thorough scan mode
예를 들어:
# apt-cdrom -d /home/kov/mycdrom add
여러분의 리스트에 추가하지 않고 CD-ROM을 인식할 수 있다:
# apt-cdrom ident
이 프로그램은 CD-ROM이 제대로 여러분의 시스템의 /etc/fstab에 들어 있는 경우에 작동한다.
APT uses /etc/apt/apt.conf as its main configuration file.
Although, as you will find out, there's no file named like that in a default
install, you can safely create one and add your edits there. If you prefer,
there's a more modular way of handling configuration: you can place individual
files with whatever names you choose into /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/.
Beware of two facts when you choose the modular way: some Debian packages will drop their configuration stuff into that directory, so you have to try to prevent name clashes by, for example, adding a -local suffix to the name. Also, the configuration is read ordered by the file name, so you can add a number at the very beginning of your filename to position it on the sequence. For example, you can name it 00000myconf-local if you want to make sure it will be the first configuration to be considered.
To know the syntax and options accepted by those configuration files, check out the apt.conf(5) manpage.
APT uses a prioritization algorythm to decide what repository it should grab a given package from. Here's a simple example:
$ apt-cache policy apt-howto
apt-howto:
Installed: 1.8.10.3-1
Candidate: 1.8.11-1
Version table:
1.8.11-1 0
500 http://ftp.nl.debian.org sid/main Packages
*** 1.8.10.3-1 0
500 http://ftp.nl.debian.org sarge/main Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
I have two sources here: a sid and a sarge one, and that's all.
The installed version is marked with ***. We can see its
installed because of the mention of the /var/lib/dpkg/status file,
too, which holds the information about the current state of the system. We can
also see that the package comes from sarge. The sid version is also listed as
available.
APT gives priority 100 for installed packages, as we can see, and 500 for all other sources with a single exception: the experimental suite, which, as we already said, is treated in a special way by many tool. APT's algorythm will prefer to install packages from sources with higher priority. If priorities are the same, then it will prefer the highest version. You can see that by looking at the Candidate field, which lists the newer version, from unstable, as candidate for instalation: it wants to upgrade it.
If you want to have the sid source only to install selected packages and don't want APT to automaticaly consider packages from that source as candidates for upgrades, then you must tweak its priorities. You do that using the Archive field of the Release file of the source you want to give priority to. You can find that information out by looking at the Release file which the update process downloaded:
$ cat /var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org.br_debian_dists_potato_main_binary-i386_Release
Archive: stable
Version: 2.2r3
Component: main
Origin: Debian
Label: Debian
Architecture: i386
Notice that the filename changes depending on your source line. To make APT
keep your packages at the stable suite, then, you add a file with the following
contents to /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/:
APT::Default-Release "testing";
Then, APT policy will have changed:
$ apt-cache policy apt-howto
apt-howto:
Installed: 1.8.10.3-1
Candidate: 1.8.10.3-1
Version table:
1.8.11-1 0
500 http://ftp.nl.debian.org sid/main Packages
*** 1.8.10.3-1 0
990 http://ftp.nl.debian.org sarge/main Packages
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
APT will give priority 990 for its default source for any package, the other sources remain just like before. Packages from other sources which are installed will have their priority raised from 100 to 500. Why is APT not going to downgrade them Because APT will only consider a downgrade in case something is given a priority above 1000. That means, though, that APT will not automaticaly upgrade the versions from the non-default sources unless the tool you're using wants to try to to help you there, which is the case for aptitude.
Defining priority for groups of packages based on many other criteria is also
possible by using the /etc/apt/preferences configuration file.
You can even convince APT to try to downgrade your whole system, althought
that's not supported and should not be tried by the faint of heart. You can
have more information about that by reading the apt_preferences(5)
manpage..
If you are using APT in a network in which all http and ftp connections are
made through a proxy, then you'll have to setup APT to use that proxy. You can
do this by editing the /etc/apt/apt.conf configuration file or by
placing a configuration file inside the /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
directory, which makes it is easier to organize the configuration stuff (take a
look at The APT configuration file, 3.4).
If that file does not exist, then create it and add lines like these:
Acquire::http::proxy "http://proxy:port";
Acquire::ftp::proxy "http://proxy:port";
Replace proxy and port for those given by your network administrator. You can also specify user and password if the proxy requires like this:
Acquire::http::proxy "http://user:password@proxy:port";
There are many other useful options you can set for APT on the
/etc/apt/apt.conf configuration file, see The APT configuration file, 3.4.
[ 이전 ] [ 차례 ] [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 다음 ]
APT HOWTO
2.0.2 - October 2006kov@debian.orgyooseong@debian.org